The history of Nepali poetry is rich and diverse, with roots dating back centuries. Nepali poetry has evolved through various periods, reflecting the cultural, social, and political changes in the region.Here is a brief overview of the history of Nepali poetry:
Ancient Period (up to 12th century):
During this era, classical Sanskrit literature greatly influenced the early forms of Nepali poetry.
The earliest known Nepali poetic work is the "Byuhangam," believed to have been written by the scholar Chittadhar Hridaya in the 12th century. This poem is a narrative in the form of a dialogue between a sage and a bird.
Medieval Period (12th to 18th century):
Bhanubhakta Acharya (1814–1868):
Motiram Bhatta, a contemporary of Bhanubhakta Acharya, was another influential figure in the development of modern Nepali poetry.He wrote poems, essays, and translated works from other languages, contributing significantly to the literary landscape.
Laxmi Prasad Devkota (1909–1959):
His works, including the epic poem "Muna Madan,"
showcased his mastery of language and profound insight into social issues.
Post-Devkota Era (1960s Onward):
Modern Nepali poets, such as Siddhicharan Shrestha, Bhupi
Sherchan, and Agam Singh Giri, contributed to the diversity and evolution of
Nepali poetry.
Contemporary Period (21st Century):
The advent of social media has provided a platform for poets
to reach a broader audience, fostering the growth of spoken word poetry and new
forms of expression.
Nepali poetry reflects the cultural, linguistic, and
historical diversity of the region, and its evolution is ongoing, with new
voices continually enriching the literary landscape.
A, The History Of Nepali Poetry
Twentieth-century Nepali literature boasts a rich tradition
of poetry, despite the strong presence of short stories, dramas, and novels.
The genre experienced a diverse and sophisticated transformation since the
appearance of Sharada. Founding figures like Lekhnath Paudyal, Balkrishna Sama,
and Lakshmiprasad Devkota marked distinct phases in this evolution. Lekhnath
excelled in meter and melody, influencing a poetic "school," while
Sama, a rebel against convention, became a respected social reformer. Devkota's
erratic genius revolutionized Nepali poetry, embracing folk meters and later
experimenting with free-verse forms.
B, Features of Nepali Poetry
A, Evolution from Classical to Modern Forms:
• Over the
past eighty years, Nepali poetry has undergone a significant departure from
traditional classical meters.
• A notable
shift away from strict adherence to Sanskrit prosody, marking a departure from
classical conventions.
B, Sanskrit Prosody and
Thematic Constraints:
• In the late
nineteenth century, most Nepali poetry followed Sanskrit prosody, influenced by
one of the nine rasas, limiting thematic diversity.
• Classical
Sanskrit meters rooted in Vedic forms emphasized syllabic quantity based on
vowel length.
C, Classical Meters and
Social Context:
• Classical
meters like anushtubh and shardula-vikridita showcased erudition, historically
limited to scholarly, high-caste sections of society.
• The
composition of classical verse was valued, with poets like Balkrishna Sama and
Devkota demonstrating virtuosity in diverse meters.
D, Shift Towards Folk
Rhythms:
• In the 1920s
and 1930s, poets like Devkota incorporated rhythms from Nepali folk songs,
particularly the jhyaure, signaling a departure from classical norms.
• This shift
aimed at defining a distinct Nepali identity, breaking away from pan-Indian
cultural traditions, aligning with the rise of Nepali nationalism.
E, Emergence of Free
Verse:
• In
subsequent years, many poets abandoned traditional meters, leading to the rise
of nonmetrical Nepali verse or gadya-kavita, commonly known as free verse.
• As poets
departed from classical forms, the language evolved, shedding the arcane
Sanskrit vocabulary.
F, Diverse Generic
Forms:
• Nepali
poetry encompasses various generic forms, including the standard
"poem" (kavita) in both metrical and free-verse forms.
• The
khanda-kavya, an episodic poem, is longer and typically published as a
standalone book, composed in metrical verse.
• The lamo
kavita, or long poem, represents a modern free-verse form addressing diverse
themes.
• The
mahakavya, an epic poem in the classical tradition, has witnessed diminished
importance and popularity since 1950.
C, 10 famous great poets of Nepal
1, Lekhnath Paudyal (1885-1966):
Lekhnath Paudyal (1885-1966)
was a prominent figure in twentieth-century Nepali poetry, focusing on refining
the language rather than broad philosophical themes. Born into a Brahman family
in 1885, he faced personal challenges, including the loss of his wife. Despite
financial struggles, he contributed significantly to Nepali literature.
Educated in Sanskrit literature, Lekhnath's early works
adhered to traditional conventions but hinted at spontaneity. His first major
work, "Reflections on the Seasons," showcased maturity and drew
inspiration from Sanskrit traditions. Lekhnath, recognized as a poet laureate
in 1951, continued to produce impactful poems, with "The Young
Ascetic" considered his magnum opus.
His poetry covered diverse themes, from devotional and
philosophical verses to patriotic expressions. Lekhnath's craftsmanship
emphasized meter, vocabulary, and alliteration, striving for linguistic
"sweetness." Despite posthumous honors, he faced criticism from the
younger generation, emphasizing colloquial language in poetry. Little is known
about his personal life, but Lekhnath's innovative approach left a lasting
impact on Nepali literature.
2, Balkrishna Sama (1903-1981)
Balkrishna Sama (1903-1981), a prominent Nepali writer, along with
Lekhnath Paudyal and Lakshmiprasad Devkota, significantly influenced Nepali
literature in the first half of the 20th century. Sama, born Balkrishna
Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, transitioned from a high-ranking army officer to a
dedicated literary figure. He excelled in various literary forms, especially as
a playwright, painter, and philosopher. Sama's diverse body of work includes
traditional plays like "Mutuko Vyatha" and innovative poetic
compositions.
From a young age, Sama displayed literary talent, composing
metrical verses and translating English poems into Nepali. His early influences
included Lekhnath Paudyal and William Wordsworth. Sama's significant
contributions extend beyond drama to painting, storytelling, and philosophical
treatises like "Regulated Randomness." His poetry, published in 1981,
revealed a progression from conventional compositions to experimental,
thematically rich verses.
Sama's notable poems explore diverse subjects, including
reflections on poetry itself. His rationalist and agnostic beliefs were evident
in poems like "Man Is God Himself." The pinnacle of his poetic
endeavors includes the free verse poem "Fire and Water" (1954),
depicting the eternal struggle between good and evil, and the epic "Cold
Hearth" (1958), challenging traditional norms by featuring a low-caste
protagonist.
"Sight of the Incarnation" (1973), a prose poem, and Sama's autobiography, "My Worship of Poetry," further illustrate his profound connection to poetry. Despite criticism of certain works' overextension, Sama's bold ventures, especially "Fire and Water," marked significant strides in Nepali literature. His legacy lives on through collected works like "Balkrishna Samaka Kavita" (1981) and translations like "Expression after Death" (1972). "Ago ra Pani" (Fire and Water) and "Chiso Chuhlo" (Cold Hearth) were published in 1954 and 1958, respectively.
3, Lakshmiprasad Devkota (1909-1959)
Lakshmiprasad Devkota
(1909-1959) was a prolific Nepali poet whose impact on the literature was
transformative. His extensive body of work, spanning over forty books in just
twenty-five years, covered plays, stories, essays, translations, a novel, and
poems of varying lengths. Devkota's intellectual and creative intensity set him
apart, with his writings becoming essential classics in the Nepali language.
Despite personal struggles and tragedies, including periods of depression and
time spent in a mental hospital, Devkota's humor, warmth, and deep humanity
remained prominent.
Devkota's early poems reflected the influence of English
Romantic verse, but he later incorporated uniquely Nepali elements. "Muna
and Madan" marked a significant shift, using the folk-inspired jhyaure
meter and challenging traditional notions of serious poetry. The poem, a
romantic tragedy, conveyed moral messages and societal critiques, emphasizing
the value of loved ones over material wealth and rejecting caste distinctions.
Devkota's later works, such as "Prayer on a Clearing
Morning in the Month of Magh" and "Mad," showcased his diverse
poetic personality, blending Hindu mythology, natural beauty, personal
philosophy, and political commentary. His death in 1959 marked the loss of a
poetic genius whose contributions continued to shape Nepali literature. While
"Muna and Madan" was a watershed moment, his subsequent grandiose
works and shorter poems further exemplified his unparalleled talent. Devkota's
impact endured, with his poems, despite flaws, remaining relevant and unlikely
to be considered outdated.
4, Siddhicharan Shrestha (1912):
Siddhicharan Shreshtha (b. 1912) comes from a prosperous Newar family in Okhaldhunga, Nepal. A key figure among modern Nepali poets, he grew up during the autocratic Rana government. Siddhicharan's poetry reflects the turbulent times, and he has held roles as an editor for Sharada and Nepal's Gorkhapatra. Despite being less versatile than Devkota, he addressed social and political issues. His first poem, "Earthquake," written after the 1934 Kathmandu earthquake, marked his debut. Siddhicharan's views evolved, and his revolutionary poems gained significance, resulting in his imprisonment in 1940. Notable works include "A Suffering World" expressing personal sorrow and social concerns, and "No Smoke from the Chimneys," reflecting solidarity with the political struggle of the 1940s.
Siddhicharan Shreshtha, born in 1912 in Okhaldhunga, Nepal,
hails from a prosperous Newar family. A prominent modern Nepali poet, he
navigated the Rana government's autocracy. Siddhicharan, an editor for Sharada
and Gorkhapatra, addressed social and political issues. His debut poem,
"Earthquake," followed the 1934 Kathmandu earthquake. His views
evolved, leading to imprisonment in 1940 for revolutionary poetry. Notable
works include "A Suffering World" expressing personal and global
sorrow, and "No Smoke from the Chimneys," reflecting solidarity with
the political struggle of the 1940s.
5, Kedar Man "Vyathit" (1914):
Kedar Man "Vyathit" (b. 1914) is a prominent figure in Nepali literature, known for his significant contributions to the development of literary institutions in Nepal over a career spanning more than half a century. Born in 1914, he faced imprisonment for opposing the Rana regime and later became active in the banned Nepali Congress Party. After the 1950-1951 revolution, he played a key role in Nepal's literary landscape, founding the Nepali Sahitya Sansthan in 1962 and later becoming the chancellor of the Royal Nepal Academy.
Vyathit, now in retirement, is a prolific writer with
twenty-three volumes of poems published. His works, spanning Nepali, Newari,
and Hindi, cover various themes and have been described as romantic, didactic,
mystic, socialist, and even anarchist. Despite diverse opinions, his poetic
significance is widely acknowledged. Vyathit's poems are typically short, rarely
exceeding one page, and characterized by metrical verse. Themes include human
love, natural beauty, and reflections on the modern human condition, often
expressing pessimism.
Critics argue that Vyathit's poetry is influenced by the
mystical chayavadi poets of Hindi literature, particularly during the 1940s and
1950s. While some find fault in his use of Sanskrit vocabulary and imitative
style, others appreciate his consistent and identifiable poetic expression. His
notable collections include Sangam (1952), Pranava (1957), Ek Din (1958),
Sanchayita (1958), Triveni (1958), Juneli (1962), Nari: Rasa, Madhurya, Aloka
(1968), Sapta Parna (1967), Avaj (1974), Badalirahne Badalka Akriti (1976),
Mero Sapnama Hamro Desh ra Hami (1977), Ras Triphala (1981), and Agni-Shringar
(1982).
6, Gopalprasad Rimal (1918-1973):
Gopalprasad Rimal, born in Kathmandu in 1918, was Nepal's first
revolutionary poet, rejecting traditional meter. He played a crucial role in
Sharada, a journal shaping Nepali literature. Known for his political stance,
he faced controversy and imprisonment for opposing the Rana government. His
early works adhered to traditional forms, but by the late 1930s, he embraced
free verse, becoming the first Nepali poet to abandon meter.
In the 1940s and early 1950s, Rimal's poems expressed hope,
veiled in allegories to avoid censorship. His famous work, "A Mother's
Dream," symbolized Nepal's struggle for change. Despite the overthrow of
the Rana regime in 1950-1951, Rimal felt betrayed by subsequent political
turmoil, leading to his disillusionment and mental struggles. He died in 1973,
leaving a lasting impact on Nepali poetry, even with only one collection,
"Amako Sapna."
Rimal's influence extended beyond poetry, with his drama
"Cremation Ground" gaining recognition. Remembered for using poetry
to express dissent without resorting to slogans, he marked the beginning of a
new era in Nepali literature.
7, Mohan Koirala (b. 1926):
Mohan Koirala, a revered Nepali poet for over forty years, defies categorization within specific literary schools. Born in 1926, he faced financial constraints that curtailed his college education. Despite diverse jobs, Koirala's literary influence earned him a place in the Royal Nepal Academy in 1974, later not renewed. His poetry, initially influenced by figures like Devkota, evolved uniquely, tackling personal and political themes. All his works are in free verse, a form he justified for its capacity to reflect subtle human feelings.
Koirala's early poems had overt political commentary, addressing
historical events like the execution of political agitators. However, he
remained cautious about aligning with specific ideologies, emphasizing the need
for literature to benefit humanity rather than promoting partisan views.
Critics speculate on Western influences like T. S. Eliot, but Koirala himself
dismisses rigid adherence to any literary school. His prolific career
encompasses six volumes of collected verse, marked by experimentation and
occasional complexity. Despite criticism for the difficulty of his poetry,
Koirala sees his contribution as an attempt to elevate modern Nepali poetry.
In later years, Koirala focused on developing the long poem genre in Nepali, showcasing his versatility. Despite illness and occasional lack of official recognition, Koirala's impact on Nepali literature remains profound. In 1990, after political changes, he, along with other poets, was reinstated in the Royal Nepal Academy under a new vice-chancellor, Ishwar Baral.
8, Bairagi Kainla ( 1939):
Bairagi Kainla, born in 1939, played a key role in a Nepali literary movement called third dimensionalism. Along with Ìshwar Ballabh and Indra Bahadur Rai, he published the journal Tesro Ayam in 1963, advocating for a more profound and objective approach to literature. They criticized traditional Nepali literature as "flat" and lacking a third dimension. Kainla and Rai encouraged poets to explore new dimensions, resulting in original but sometimes obscure works. Despite differing opinions on the movement's value, Kainla's poems are considered classics.
Kainla, whose real name is Tilvikram Nembang, briefly emerged
on the Nepali literary scene in the 1960s. Not much is known about his life,
but his contribution had a lasting impact. His notable poem, "The Corpse
of a Dream," addresses unrequited love and societal conventions. The poems
"A Drunk Man's Speech to the Street After Midnight" and "People
Shopping at a Weekly Market" express resentment toward societal norms.
Kainla's poems often reflect the influence of English modernism, rejecting
traditional Nepali literary norms. His poems are collected in "The Poems
of Bairagi Kainla" (1974).
9, Parijat (b. 1937):
Parijat, born in 1937, is the pen name of Bishnukumari Waiba, a pioneering Nepali writer in Kathmandu. Influenced by Marxist and feminist views, her literary works reflect her personal struggles, including partial paralysis. Despite her disabilities, Parijat is a prominent figure in Nepali literature, with her residence near Balaju serving as a hub for progressive writers.
Born in Darjeeling, Parijat faced a tragic childhood with her
mother's death and a brother's drowning. She experienced heartbreak and
depression from a love affair at thirteen. Moving to Kathmandu, she earned B.A.
and M.A. degrees in English literature. Her memoirs reveal a life marked by
tragedy, influencing her works characterized by alienation, pessimism, and
atheism.
Parijat began her literary journey with the poem
"Aspirations" in 1953, later ceasing poetry in 1970. Turning to
novels, her groundbreaking work, "The Mimosa Flower," stirred
controversy with its unconventional characters. Parijat has authored five
novels and resumed poetry post-1980, addressing societal issues.
Her second poetry collection, admired for its subjectivity,
features compositions ranging from mystical lyrics to politically charged
verses. Parijat's leftist political stance emerged in the early 1970s,
attempting a literary movement named Ralpha. Despite her literary significance,
she remains humble, emphasizing the reader's role in literature.
Parijat's poems often reflect her physical condition,
atheism, and moral despair. Notable works include "In the Arms of
Death," expressing a desire for death as a final release, and "A Sick
Lover's Letter to Her Soldier," with the poignant line "Love does not
die, you have to kill it." Her pre-1970 poems are compiled in
"Akanksha" (1960) and "Parijatka Kavita" (1987).
10, Bhupi Sherchan (1936-1989):
Bhupi Sherchan (1936-1989) was a popular Nepali poet known for his simple language, addressing universal issues with humor and anger. Born into a wealthy Thakali family, he rebelled against commercial traditions, later embracing communism. Despite early works' limited acclaim, his breakthrough came with the collection "A Blind Man on a Revolving Chair" (1969), earning the Sajha Puraskar and establishing him as a significant poet. Sherchan grappled with societal questions, criticized corruption, and expressed frustration with Nepal's treatment of poets. His influential purifying of Nepali language is celebrated, with his poems collected in works like "Nayam Jhyaure" (1956) and "Ghumne Mechmathi Andho Manche" (1969). He faced health issues and financial challenges, working in the family business.
Sherchan's poetry, characterized by irony and passionate
anger, often criticized the Kathmandu elite and societal issues. His famous
works include "A Poem," depicting a beggar boy, and "This Is a
Land of Uproar and Rumor," a patriotic outcry against corruption. He also
reinterpreted the Mahabharata tale of Dronacharya in "We,"
criticizing blind devotion. Sherchan emphasized conveying social or political
messages in a style devoid of Sanskrit vocabulary, rejecting metrical verse.
Despite challenges, he played a crucial role in restoring the Nepali language's
purity in poetry, influencing younger poets. His notable collections include
"Nirjhar" (1958) and "A Blind Mind on a Revolving Chair"
(1969).
D, Which is the first Nepali poem?
The first known poem in Nepali is believed to be
"Prithvi Narayan Shah ko Chaso" (The Campaign of Prithvi Narayan
Shah) written by Chakrapani Chalise. This poem was composed in the 18th century
and is considered one of the earliest works in Nepali literature. Bhanubhakta
Acharya, on the other hand, is credited with translating the Ramayana into
Nepali, and his work is indeed significant in Nepali literature, but it came
later in the 19th century.
E, Who is the father of Nepali poetry?
The title "father of Nepali poetry" is often
attributed to Adikavi Bhanubhakta Acharya. Bhanubhakta Acharya (1814–1868) was
a revered Nepali poet and writer who is best known for translating the epic
Ramayana from Sanskrit into Nepali. His significant contribution to Nepali
literature earned him the title "Adikavi," which means the first
poet. Bhanubhakta Acharya's work has had a lasting impact on Nepali literature
and culture, and he is celebrated as a key figure in the country's poetic
heritage.
Lekhnath Paudyal is indeed considered the father of modern
Nepali poetry. He made significant contributions to Nepali literature in the
20th century and is celebrated as a prominent figure in the field of poetry in
Nepal.
F, Who is the famous Nepali poet?
One of the most renowned Nepali poets is Laxmi Prasad
Devkota. He is often referred to as the "Shakespeare of Nepali
Literature" and is considered a prominent figure in the field of Nepali
poetry. Devkota's works have had a significant impact on Nepali literature, and
he is celebrated for his contributions to both poetry and essay writing. His
notable works include epic poems like "Muna Madan" and
"Shakuntala," which have become classics in Nepali literature.
G, Who wrote the first poem?
The oldest known "poems" are anonymous - such as
the Rig Vedas of Hinduism, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and the Song of the Weaver by
an unknown Egyptian of the Second Dynasty. The psalms and The Iliad are
"attributed" to David and Homer, respectively - but painstaking
scholarship has never given them exclusive credit.
The Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE, are
among the earliest known civilizations to have a writing system. They wrote
poems in cuneiform on clay tablets. The "Epic of Gilgamesh" is one
such example, considered one of the earliest known literary works.
Similarly, ancient cultures in Egypt, India, China, and other
regions have rich poetic traditions dating back thousands of years. The
authorship of these early poems is often anonymous, as they were passed down
through generations orally before being recorded in written form.
H, Who is the national poet of Nepal?
Madhav Prasad Ghimire was indeed recognized as the
Rashtrakavi (National Poet) of Nepal.
I, Who is known as Adi Kavi?
Adi Kavi, which translates to "First Poet" in
Sanskrit, is a title often associated with the ancient Indian sage Valmiki.
Valmiki is revered as the author of the epic poem Ramayana, one of the oldest
and most significant works of literature in Hinduism. The Ramayana narrates the
life and adventures of Lord Rama, portraying moral and ethical lessons. Valmiki
is highly respected in Indian culture for his contribution to literature and is
sometimes referred to as Adi Kavi due to his esteemed position as the first
poet in the tradition.
J, Who is known as Adi Kavi in Nepali Literature?
The title "Adi Kavi" in Nepal is commonly attributed to Bhanubhakta Acharya. Bhanubhakta Acharya (1814–1868) is revered as the "Adi Kavi" (meaning "first poet") of Nepal for his significant contributions to Nepali literature. He is best known for translating the Ramayana, an ancient Indian epic, into Nepali language, making it more accessible to the general public. Bhanubhakta Acharya's work is highly regarded, and he holds a special place in Nepali literary history. 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